Stored Program control concept (Von-Newman architecture principle), Flynn‟s Classification of computers (SIMD, MISD, MIMD), Structure organization (CPU, Caches, Main memory, Secondary memory unit & I/O), Register Transfer Operation, Micro-operation, Instruction Set Architecture (instruction-based classification of processor i.e.RISC, CISC), Addressing Modes, Operation instruction set (Arithmetic & logical, Data transfer, Control flow), Instruction set format.

Arithmetic and logic unit, Stack organization, CPU Architecture types, Accumulator Based- Register, Stack-Memory, Register, Detailed data path of a typical register based CPU, Fetch, Decode, and Execute Cycle. Addition and Subtraction, Multiplication Algorithms (Booth’s Multiplication Algorithm), Division Algorithm, Floating point arithmetic operations.

Microprogrammed and Hard-wired control options, Hard-wired design methods, State table method, Multiplier control, CPU control unit. Microprogrammed, Basic concepts, control Memory, Address Sequencing.

Programmed, Interrupt driven & Direct Memory Access, Synchronous & synchronous data transfer, The need for Memory Hierarchy, locality of reference principle, Memory Hierarchy, cache, main and secondary, Memory parameters, access cycle time, cost per unit.

Goals of parallelism, Instruction level parallelism, pipelining, superscaling, Processor level parallelism, Multiprocessor system overview.