Gauss‘s Law in dielectric medium, Equation of continuity, displacement current, Maxwell‘s equations, wave equation for electromagnetic radiation, electromagnetic wave propagation in free space and isotropic dielectric medium, Poynting theorem & Poynting vector.

Concepts of laser, spontaneous and stimulated emission, elementary idea about Lasers, basic principles involves in laser, three and four level laser system, coherence, characteristics of laser light; ruby, He-Ne, CO2 and semiconductor lasers, application of lasers.

: Optical Fiber, physical structure and basic theory, modes in optical fibers, step index and graded index fibers, losses in optical fibers, sources and sensors for optical fibers, applications of optical fibers in communication.

: Need of quantum mechanics, Compton effect, Born‘s concept of wave function, Eigen function and Eigen values, operators in quantum mechanics, expectation values, time independent, time dependent Schrodinger‘s wave equations and its applications viz., particle in one dimensional potential well.

Free electron theory (Classical & Quantum): Assumptions, Merits and drawbacks, Fermi level, Density of states, Periodic potential, Bloch‘s theorem, Kronig–Penny modal, E–K diagram, Effective mass, Origin of energy bands in solids, Classification of materials : Metals, semiconductors and insulators.

Introduction and discovery of superconductivity, superconducting materials, Meissner effect, critical magnetic field and critical current, type-1 and type-2 superconductors, isotope effect, theory of superconductivity.